Emkhankasweni wekhulu leminyaka wokuphakama kwekhabhoni kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni, amazwe emhlabeni wonke afuna ngenkuthalo isizukulwane esilandelayo sobuchwepheshe bamandla, kanye noluhlazai-ammoniamuva nje sekuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-hydrogen, i-ammonia iyanda isuka ensimini yomanyolo wezolimo evamile iye ensimini yamandla ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo ezisobala zokugcina nokuthutha.

UFaria, uchwepheshe eNyuvesi yaseTwente eNetherlands, uthe njengoba amanani ekhabhoni enyuka, i-ammonia eluhlaza ingaba yinkosi yesikhathi esizayo yamafutha angoketshezi.

Ngakho-ke, iyini ngempela i-ammonia eluhlaza? Siyini isimo sayo sokuthuthukiswa? Ziyini izimo zokusetshenziswa? Ingabe iyonga?

I-ammonia eluhlaza kanye nesimo sayo sokuthuthukiswa

I-hydrogen iyinto eyinhloko yokusetshenziswai-ammoniaukukhiqizwa. Ngakho-ke, ngokwezinhlobo ezahlukene zokukhishwa kwekhabhoni enqubweni yokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen, i-ammonia ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine ezilandelayo ngombala:

Okumpungai-ammonia: Kwenziwe ngamandla endabuko akudala (igesi yemvelo namalahle).

I-ammonia eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: I-hydrogen eluhlaza ikhishwa kumafutha asetshenziswa kudala, kodwa ubuchwepheshe bokubamba nokugcina ikhabhoni buyasetshenziswa enqubweni yokucwenga.

I-ammonia eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Inqubo ye-methane pyrolysis ibolisa i-methane ibe yi-hydrogen kanye ne-carbon. I-hydrogen etholakala kule nqubo isetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ukukhiqiza i-ammonia kusetshenziswa ugesi oluhlaza.

I-ammonia eluhlaza: Ugesi oluhlaza okhiqizwa amandla avuselelekayo njengomoya namandla elanga usetshenziselwa ukwenza amanzi abe yi-electrolyze ukuze kukhiqizwe i-hydrogen, bese kuba yi-ammonia ekhiqizwa kusuka ku-nitrogen ne-hydrogen emoyeni.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-ammonia eluhlaza ikhiqiza i-nitrogen namanzi ngemva kokusha, futhi ayikhiqizi i-carbon dioxide, i-ammonia eluhlaza ibhekwa njengophethiloli “ongenawo u-carbon” futhi ingenye yemithombo ebalulekile yamandla ahlanzekile esikhathini esizayo.

Uhlaza lomhlaba wonkei-ammoniaImakethe isasesencane. Ngokombono womhlaba wonke, usayizi wemakethe ye-ammonia eluhlaza ucishe ube yizigidi ezingama-US$36 ngo-2021 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ufinyelele ku-US$5.48 billion ngo-2030, ngesilinganiso sokukhula kwe-compound yonyaka esingu-74.8%, okunamandla amakhulu. I-Yundao Capital ibikezela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia eluhlaza emhlabeni wonke kuzodlula amathani ayizigidi ezingama-20 ngo-2030 futhi kudlule amathani ayizigidi ezingama-560 ngo-2050, okubangela ngaphezu kwama-80% okukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia emhlabeni jikelele.

Kusukela ngoSepthemba 2023, sekusetshenziswe amaphrojekthi e-ammonia eluhlaza angaphezu kwama-60 emhlabeni jikelele, enomthamo wokukhiqiza ohleliwe ongamathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-35 ngonyaka. Amaphrojekthi e-ammonia eluhlaza phesheya kwezilwandle asatshalaliswa kakhulu e-Australia, eNingizimu Melika, eYurophu naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

Kusukela ngo-2024, imboni ye-ammonia eluhlaza yasekhaya eShayina ithuthuke ngokushesha. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele, kusukela ngo-2024, kukhuthazwe amaphrojekthi e-hydrogen ammonia eluhlaza angaphezu kuka-20. I-Envision Technology Group, i-China Energy Construction, i-State Power Investment Corporation, i-State Energy Group, njll. batshale imali ecishe ibe yizigidigidi ezingama-200 zama-yuan ekukhuthazeni amaphrojekthi e-ammonia eluhlaza, okuzokhipha inani elikhulu lamandla okukhiqiza i-ammonia eluhlaza esikhathini esizayo.

Izimo zokusetshenziswa kwe-ammonia eluhlaza

Njengamandla ahlanzekile, i-ammonia eluhlaza inezimo ezahlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwendabuko kwezolimo nezimboni, ihlanganisa ikakhulukazi ukuxuba ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, ukuthunyelwa kukaphethiloli, ukufakwa kwekhabhoni, isitoreji se-hydrogen kanye neminye imikhakha.

1. Imboni yokuthumela impahla

Ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide okuvela ekuthuthweni kwemikhumbi kubalelwa ku-3% kuya ku-4% wokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-2018, i-International Maritime Organisation yamukele isu lokuqala lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, iphakamisa ukuthi ngo-2030, ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide yokuthutha emhlabeni wonke kuzoncishiswa okungenani ngo-40% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2008, futhi kulwele ukwehla ngo-70% ngo-2050. Ukuze kufezwe ukunciphisa i-carbon kanye nokususa i-carbonization embonini yokuthumela, uphethiloli ohlanzekile othatha indawo yamandla asendulo kuyindlela yobuchwepheshe ethembisayo kakhulu.

Ngokuvamile embonini yokuthumela izimpahla kukholelwa ukuthi i-ammonia eluhlaza ingenye yezinto eziyinhloko zokususa i-carbonization embonini yokuthumela izimpahla esikhathini esizayo.

I-Register of Shipping kaLloyd yake yabikezela ukuthi phakathi kuka-2030 no-2050, isilinganiso se-ammonia njengophethiloli wokuthumela sizokhuphuka sisuka ku-7% siye ku-20%, sithathe indawo yegesi yemvelo encibilikisiwe kanye nezinye izinto zokubasa ukuze zibe uphethiloli wokuthumela obaluleke kakhulu.

2. Imboni yokuphehla ugesi

I-AmoniyaUkusha akukhiqizi i-CO2, futhi ukusha okuxubile nge-ammonia kungasebenzisa izikhungo zamandla ezikhona ezisebenzisa amalahle ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okukhulu emzimbeni webhoyila. Kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ezitshalweni zamandla ezisebenzisa amalahle.

Ngomhlaka-15 kuJulayi, iKhomishini Yentuthuko Nokuguqulwa Kwesimo Sikazwelonke kanye ne-National Energy Administration bakhiphe "Uhlelo Lokusebenza Lokuguqulwa Kwekhabhoni Ephansi Nokwakhiwa Kwamandla Amalahle (2024-2027)", olwaphakamisa ukuthi ngemva kokuguqulwa nokwakhiwa, amayunithi kagesi amalahle kufanele abe nekhono lokuhlanganisa ngaphezu kuka-10% we-ammonia eluhlaza kanye nokushisa amalahle. Amazinga okusetshenziswa kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ancishiswa kakhulu. Kungabonakala ukuthi ukuxuba i-ammonia noma i-ammonia emsulwa kumayunithi kagesi ashisayo kuyisiqondiso esibalulekile sobuchwepheshe sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ensimini yokukhiqizwa kwamandla.

IJapan iyinkampani enkulu ekhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okushisa ahlanganisiwe e-ammonia. IJapan yakha i-“2021-2050 Japan Ammonia Fuel Roadmap” ngo-2021, futhi izoqedela ukuboniswa nokuqinisekiswa kukaphethiloli we-ammonia ohlanganisiwe ongu-20% ezitshalweni zamandla ezishisayo ngo-2025; njengoba ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe be-ammonia bukhula, lesi silinganiso sizokhula sibe ngaphezu kuka-50%; cishe ngo-2040, kuzokwakhiwa isitshalo samandla se-ammonia esimsulwa.

3. Isithwali sokugcina i-hydrogen

I-Amoniya isetshenziswa njengesithwali sokugcina i-hydrogen, futhi idinga ukudlula ezinqubweni zokwenziwa kwe-ammonia, uketshezi, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokukhishwa kabusha kwe-hydrogen yegesi. Yonke inqubo yokuguqulwa kwe-ammonia ne-hydrogen isivuthiwe.

Njengamanje, kunezindlela eziyisithupha eziyinhloko zokugcina nokuthutha i-hydrogen: ukugcina nokuthutha isilinda esinomfutho ophezulu, ukuthuthwa kwegesi okucindezelwe ngamapayipi, ukugcina nokuthutha i-hydrogen ewuketshezi emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ukugcina nokuthutha okuphilayo okuwuketshezi, ukugcina nokuthutha i-ammonia ewuketshezi, kanye nokugcina nokuthutha i-hydrogen eqinile yensimbi. Phakathi kwazo, ukugcina nokuthutha i-ammonia ewuketshezi ukukhipha i-hydrogen ngokusebenzisa ukwenziwa kwe-ammonia, uketshezi, ukuthutha, kanye nokuvuselela igesi. I-Ammonia incibilikiswa ku--33°C noma i-1MPa. Izindleko ze-hydrogenation/dehydrogenation zingaphezu kuka-85%. Ayinandaba nebanga lokuhamba futhi ifanelekela ukugcina nokuthutha i-hydrogen eningi ibanga eliphakathi nelide, ikakhulukazi ukuthuthwa kolwandle. Ingenye yezindlela ezithembisayo kakhulu zokugcina nokuthutha i-hydrogen esikhathini esizayo.

4. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali

Njengomanyolo we-nitrogen oluhlaza ongaba khona kanye nezinto eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali aluhlaza, oluhlazai-ammoniakuzokhuthaza kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezinkampani zezimboni "ze-ammonia eluhlaza + umanyolo oluhlaza" kanye "ne-ammonia chemical chemical".

Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-ammonia yokwenziwa eyenziwe ngamandla akudala, kulindeleke ukuthi i-ammonia eluhlaza ngeke ikwazi ukwakha ukuncintisana okuphumelelayo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali ngaphambi kuka-2035.