Esikhathini eside sekhulu leminyaka se-carbon peak kanye nokungathathi hlangothi kwe-carbon, amazwe emhlabeni jikelele abheke ngentshiseko isizukulwane esilandelayo sobuchwepheshe bamandla, kanye nohlaza.ammoniaiqala ukugxila emhlabeni jikelele muva nje. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-hydrogen, i-ammonia iyanda isuka endaweni kamanyolo yezolimo evamile iye endaweni yamandla ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo ezisobala ekugcinweni nasekuthuthweni.

UFaria, uchwepheshe eNyuvesi yaseTwente eNetherlands, uthe ngokukhuphuka kwamanani ekhabhoni, i-ammonia eluhlaza ingase ibe yinkosi yakusasa kaphethiloli owuketshezi.

Ngakho-ke, iyini ngempela i-ammonia eluhlaza? Siyini isimo sayo sokuthuthuka? Yiziphi izimo zohlelo lokusebenza? Ingabe iyonga?

I-ammonia eluhlaza kanye nesimo sayo sokuthuthukiswa

IHydrojeni yiyona nto esetshenziswa kakhuluammoniaukukhiqizwa. Ngakho-ke, ngokusho kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ehlukene enqubweni yokukhiqiza i-hydrogen, i-ammonia ingabuye ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine ezilandelayo ngombala:

Okumpungaammonia: Yenziwe ngamandla endabuko ensalela (igesi yemvelo namalahle).

I-ammonia eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: I-hydrogen eluhlaza ikhishwa kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, kodwa ubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula ikhabhoni nokugcinwa busetshenziswa enqubweni yokucwenga.

I-ammonia eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Inqubo ye-methane pyrolysis ibola i-methane ibe yi-hydrogen ne-carbon. I-hydrogen etholakale kule nqubo isetshenziswa njengempahla eluhlaza ukukhiqiza i-ammonia kusetshenziswa ugesi oluhlaza.

I-ammonia eluhlaza: Ugesi oluhlaza okhiqizwe amandla avuselelekayo njengomoya namandla elanga usetshenziselwa ukwenza ugesi emanzini ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen, bese i-ammonia ihlanganiswa kusuka ku-nitrogen ne-hydrogen emoyeni.

Ngenxa yokuthi i-ammonia eluhlaza ikhiqiza i-nitrogen namanzi ngemva kokusha, futhi ingakhiqizi i-carbon dioxide, i-ammonia eluhlaza ibhekwa njengophethiloli "ongu-zero-carbon" kanye nenye yemithombo ebalulekile yamandla ahlanzekile esikhathini esizayo.

I-global greenammoniaimakethe isaqala. Ngokombono womhlaba wonke, usayizi wemakethe ye-ammonia eluhlaza cishe u-US$36 wezigidi ngo-2021 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ufinyelele ku-US$5.48 billion ngo-2030, ngesilinganiso sokukhula esiyinhlanganisela sonyaka esingu-74.8%, esinamandla amakhulu. I-Yundao Capital ibikezela ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke kwe-ammonia eluhlaza kuzodlula amathani ayizigidi ezingu-20 ngo-2030 futhi kudlule amathani ayizigidi ezingu-560 ngo-2050, okuhlanganisa ngaphezu kwama-80% okukhiqizwa kwe-ammonia emhlabeni jikelele.

Kusukela ngoSepthemba 2023, sekutshalwe amaphrojekthi e-ammonia aluhlaza angaphezu kuka-60 emhlabeni wonke, namandla okukhiqiza ahleliwe angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-35/ngonyaka. Amaphrojekthi we-ammonia aluhlaza aphesheya asatshalaliswa ikakhulukazi e-Australia, eNingizimu Melika, eYurophu naseMpumalanga Ephakathi.

Kusukela ngo-2024, imboni yasekhaya ye-ammonia eluhlaza e-China ithuthuke ngokushesha. Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelele, kusukela ngo-2024, kuthuthukiswe amaphrojekthi angaphezu kwama-20 e-hydrogen ammonia eluhlaza. I-Envision Technology Group, i-China Energy Construction, i-State Power Investment Corporation, i-State Energy Group, njll. batshale imali ecishe ibe yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-200 ekukhuthazeni amaphrojekthi e-ammonia aluhlaza, azokhulula inani elikhulu lokukhiqiza i-ammonia eluhlaza ngokuzayo.

Izimo zohlelo lokusebenza lwe-ammonia eluhlaza

Njengamandla ahlanzekile, i-ammonia eluhlaza inezimo ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa esikhathini esizayo. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwendabuko kwezolimo nezimboni, kuhlanganisa ikakhulukazi ukuhlanganisa ukukhiqiza amandla, uphethiloli wokuthutha, ukufakwa kwekhabhoni, ukugcinwa kwe-hydrogen nezinye izinkambu.

1. Imboni yezokuthutha

Ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni dioksidi kusuka ekuthunyelweni kubalelwa ku-3% kuya ku-4% wokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide emhlabeni jikelele. Ngo-2018, i-International Maritime Organization yamukela isu lokuqala lokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa, iphakamisa ukuthi ngo-2030, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yemikhumbi emhlabeni wonke kuzoncishiswa okungenani ngama-40% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2008, futhi ilwela ukunciphisa ngo-70% ngo-2050. ukuze kuzuzwe ukuncishiswa kwekhabhoni kanye ne-decarbonization embonini yemikhumbi, amafutha ahlanzekile athatha indawo yamandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi ayindlela yobuchwepheshe ethembisa kakhulu.

Ngokuvamile kukholakala embonini yemikhumbi ukuthi i-ammonia eluhlaza ingenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokususa ikhabhoni embonini yemikhumbi esikhathini esizayo.

IRejista kaLloyd Yokuthunyelwa Kwemikhumbi yake yabikezela ukuthi phakathi kuka-2030 no-2050, ingxenye ye-ammonia njengophethiloli wokuthutha izokhuphuka isuka ku-7% iye ku-20%, ithathe indawo yegesi yemvelo ewuketshezi kanye nezinye izinto zokubasa zibe uphethiloli obaluleke kakhulu wokuthutha.

2. Imboni yokuphehla ugesi

I-Amoniyaukushiswa akukhiqizi i-CO2, futhi ukushiswa okuxubile kwe-ammonia kungasebenzisa izikhungo ezikhona zokuphehla amandla aphehlwa ngamalahle ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezinkulu kubhayela. Kuyisinyathelo esisebenzayo sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide ezimbonini zamandla aphehlwa ngamalahle.

Ngomhla ziyi-15 kuNtulikazi, Ikhomishini Kazwelonke Yokuthuthukiswa Nezinguquko kanye Nokuphathwa Kwezamandla Kuzwelonke bakhiphe “Uhlelo Lokusebenza Lokuguqulwa Kwekhabhoni Ephansi Nokwakhiwa Kwamandla Amalahle (2024-2027)”, olwahlongoza ukuthi ngemva kokuguqulwa nokwakhiwa, amayunithi kagesi wamalahle kufanele abe ikhono lokuhlanganisa ngaphezu kwe-10% ye-ammonia eluhlaza kanye nokushisa amalahle. Amazinga okusetshenziswa nawokuphuma kwekhabhoni ancipha kakhulu. Kungabonakala ukuthi ukuxuba i-ammonia noma i-ammonia ehlanzekile kumayunithi wamandla ashisayo kuyisiqondiso esibalulekile sobuchwepheshe sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni emkhakheni wokukhiqiza amandla.

I-Japan ingumgqugquzeli omkhulu wokukhiqiza amandla omlilo ahlanganisiwe e-ammonia. I-Japan yenze i-“2021-2050 Japan Ammonia Fuel Roadmap” ngo-2021, futhi izoqedela ukuboniswa nokuqinisekiswa kukaphethiloli we-ammonia ohlanganisiwe ongu-20% ezimbonini zamandla ashisayo ngo-2025; njengoba ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisiwe be-ammonia bukhula, le ngxenye izokhuphuka ibe ngaphezu kwama-50%; cishe ngo-2040, indawo yokuphehla amandla e-ammonia ehlanzekile izokwakhiwa.

3. Isithwali sokugcina i-hydrogen

I-ammonia isetshenziswa njengesithwali se-hydrogen yokugcina, futhi idinga ukudlula kuzinqubo ze-ammonia synthesis, liquefaction, transport, kanye nokukhipha kabusha i-gaseous hydrogen. Yonke inqubo yokuguqulwa kwe-ammonia-hydrogen isivuthiwe.

Njengamanje, kunezindlela eziyisithupha eziyinhloko zokugcinwa nokuthutha i-hydrogen: ukugcinwa nokuthutha kwesilinda esinengcindezi ephezulu, ipayipi lokuhamba ngegesi elicindezelwayo, ukugcinwa nokuthutha okuwuketshezi lwe-hydrogen olusezingeni eliphansi, ukugcinwa nokuthutha okuwuketshezi, ukugcinwa nokuthutha kwe-ammonia ewuketshezi, kanye nensimbi. isitoreji se-hydrogen esiqinile kanye nokuhamba. Phakathi kwazo, ukugcinwa nokuthutha kwe-ammonia okuwuketshezi ukukhipha i-hydrogen ngokusebenzisa i-ammonia synthesis, i-liquefaction, ukuthutha, kanye nokufakwa kabusha. I-ammonia yenziwe uketshezi ku -33°C noma ku-1MPa. Izindleko ze-hydrogenation/dehydrogenation akhawunti ezingaphezu kuka-85%. Ayizweli ebangeni lezokuthutha futhi ifanele ukugcinwa kwebanga eliphakathi nendawo elide kanye nokuthuthwa kwe-hydrogen eyinqwaba, ikakhulukazi ezokuthutha olwandle. Ingenye yezindlela ezithembisayo kakhulu zokugcina i-hydrogen nezokuthutha esikhathini esizayo.

4. Izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali

Njengomanyolo ongaba khona we-nitrogen oluhlaza kanye nempahla eluhlaza yamakhemikhali aluhlaza, eluhlazaammoniaizokhuthaza kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwe-"ammonia eluhlaza + umanyolo oluhlaza" kanye "namaketanga amakhemikhali e-ammonia aluhlaza" wezimboni.

Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-ammonia yokwenziwa eyenziwe ngamandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, kulindeleke ukuthi i-ammonia eluhlaza ngeke ikwazi ukwenza ukuncintisana okusebenzayo njengekhemikhali eluhlaza ngaphambi kuka-2035.