Ngo-2018, imakethe yegesi ye-elekthronikhi yomhlaba wonke yamasekethe ahlanganisiwe yafinyelela ku-US$4.512 billion, okuwukunyuka konyaka ngo-16%. Izinga eliphezulu lokukhula kwemboni yegesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi yama-semiconductors kanye nosayizi wemakethe omkhulu kusheshise uhlelo lokufaka esikhundleni segesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi!
Iyini igesi ye-electron?
Igesi ye-elekthronikhi ibhekisela ezintweni eziyisisekelo zomthombo ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-semiconductors, izibonisi zephaneli eyisicaba, ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya, amaseli elanga neminye imikhiqizo ye-elekthronikhi, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlanzeni, ekufakeni, ekubunjweni kwefilimu, ekudongeni nakwezinye izinqubo. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwegesi ye-elekthronikhi zihlanganisa imboni ye-electronics, amaseli elanga, ukuxhumana kweselula, ukuzulazula kwezimoto kanye nezinhlelo zomsindo wemoto nevidiyo, i-aerospace, imboni yezempi kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi.
Igesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziyisikhombisa ngokuya ngamakhemikhali ayo: i-silicon, i-arsenic, i-phosphorus, i-boron, i-hydride yensimbi, i-halide ne-alkoxide yensimbi. Ngokwezindlela ezihlukene zokufaka isicelo kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe, ingahlukaniswa ibe igesi ye-doping, i-epitaxy gas, igesi yokufakelwa kwe-ion, igesi ekhipha ukukhanya ephumayo, igesi ebambayo, igesi yamakhemikhali yokubeka umhwamuko kanye negesi yebhalansi. Kunamagesi akhethekile angaphezu kwamayunithi ayi-110 asetshenziswa embonini ye-semiconductor, okungaphezu kwama-30 asetshenziswa kakhulu.
Ngokuvamile, imboni yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor ihlukanisa amagesi zibe izinhlobo ezimbili: amagesi avamile namagesi akhethekile. Phakathi kwazo, igesi evame ukusetshenziswa ibhekisela ekunikezeni indawo eyodwa futhi isebenzisa igesi eningi, njenge-N2, H2, O2, Ar, He, njll. Igesi ekhethekile ibhekisela kwamanye amagesi amakhemikhali asetshenziswa inqubo yokukhiqiza i-semiconductor, njenge. isandiso, umjovo we-ion, ukuxuba, ukuwasha, nokwakheka kwemaski, okuyilokho manje esikubiza ngegesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi, njenge-high-purity SiH4, PH3, ASH3, B2H6, N2O, NH3, SF6, NF3, CF4, BCl3, BF3, I-HCl, i-Cl2, njll.
Kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza yemboni ye-semiconductor, kusukela ekukhuleni kwe-chip kuya ekufakweni kokugcina kwedivayisi, cishe sonke isixhumanisi asinakuhlukaniswa negesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zegesi esetshenziswayo kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi ephezulu, ngakho-ke igesi ye-elekthronikhi inempahla ye-semiconductor. “Ukudla”.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezinkulu zaseShayina ezifana nama-semiconductors namaphaneli okubonisa ziye zanda kumthamo omusha wokukhiqiza, futhi kunesidingo esinamandla sokushintshwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinto zamakhemikhali kagesi. Isikhundla samagesi e-elekthronikhi embonini ye-semiconductor sesivele sigqama kakhulu. Imboni yasekhaya yegesi ye-elekthronikhi izoletha ukukhula okusheshayo.
Igesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi inezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu zokuhlanzeka, ngoba uma ubumsulwa bungahambisani nezidingo, amaqembu angcolile anjengomhwamuko wamanzi kanye ne-oxygen egesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi azokwakha kalula ifilimu ye-oxide ebusweni be-semiconductor, ethinta igesi. impilo yesevisi yezinto zikagesi, kanye negesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi iqukethe Izinhlayiya zokungcola zingabangela ama-semiconductor ama-short circuits kanye nokulimala kwesekethe. Kungashiwo ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlanzeka kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvuneni nasekusebenzeni kokukhiqizwa kwemishini kagesi.
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwemboni ye-semiconductor, inqubo yokukhiqiza ama-chip iyaqhubeka nokuba ngcono, futhi manje isifinyelele ku-5nm, esezofinyelela umkhawulo woMthetho kaMoore, olingana nengxenye yamashumi amabili yobubanzi bezinwele zomuntu. cishe 0.1 mm). Ngakho-ke, lokhu futhi kubeka phambili izidingo eziphakeme ekuhlanzekeni kwegesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi ekhiqizwa ama-semiconductors.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-15-2021
