Ngo-2018, imakethe yegesi kagesi yomhlaba wonke yamasekethe ahlanganisiwe yafinyelela ku-US$4.512 billion, okuwukwenyuka konyaka nonyaka okungu-16%. Izinga lokukhula eliphezulu lemboni yegesi ekhethekile kagesi yama-semiconductor kanye nosayizi omkhulu wemakethe kusheshise uhlelo lwasekhaya lokushintsha igesi ekhethekile kagesi!
Iyini igesi yama-electron?
Igesi kagesi ibhekisela ezintweni eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwama-semiconductor, izibonisi zamaphaneli ayisicaba, ama-diode akhipha ukukhanya, amaseli elanga neminye imikhiqizo kagesi, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuhlanzeni, ekuqopheni, ekwakhekeni kwamafilimu, ekwenzeni izidakamizwa kanye nezinye izinqubo. Izindawo eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwegesi kagesi zifaka phakathi imboni yama-elekthronikhi, amaseli elanga, ukuxhumana kweselula, ukuzulazula kwezimoto kanye nezinhlelo zomsindo nevidiyo yezimoto, izindiza, imboni yezempi kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi.
Igesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba eziyisikhombisa ngokuya ngokwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali: i-silicon, i-arsenic, i-phosphorus, i-boron, i-metal hydride, i-halide kanye ne-metal alkoxide. Ngokwezindlela ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa kumasekethe ahlanganisiwe, ingahlukaniswa ngegesi yokudonsa, igesi ye-epitaxy, igesi yokufakelwa kwe-ion, igesi ye-light-emitting diode, igesi yokucwilisa, igesi yokubeka umphunga wamakhemikhali kanye negesi yokulinganisela. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-110 zamagesi akhethekile asetshenziswa embonini ye-semiconductor, okungaphezu kuka-30 kuwo asetshenziswa kakhulu.
Ngokuvamile, imboni yokukhiqiza ama-semiconductor ihlukanisa amagesi abe izinhlobo ezimbili: amagesi avamile namagesi akhethekile. Phakathi kwawo, igesi esetshenziswa kakhulu ibhekisela ekuhlinzekweni okuhlanganisiwe futhi isebenzisa igesi eningi, njenge-N2, H2, O2, Ar, He, njll. Igesi ekhethekile ibhekisela kwamanye amagesi amakhemikhali asetshenziswa enkambisweni yokukhiqiza ama-semiconductor, njengokwelulwa, ukujova ama-ion, ukuxuba, ukuwasha, kanye nokwakheka kwemaski, okuyilokho esikubiza manje ngokuthi igesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi, njenge-SiH4, PH3, AsH3, B2H6, N2O, NH3, SF6, NF3, CF4, BCl3, BF3, HCl, Cl2, njll.
Kuyo yonke inqubo yokukhiqiza yemboni ye-semiconductor, kusukela ekukhuleni kwe-chip kuya ekupakishweni kokugcina kwedivayisi, cishe yonke isixhumanisi ayihlukani negesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zegesi esetshenziswayo kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi ephezulu, ngakho-ke igesi ye-elekthronikhi inezinto ze-semiconductor. "Ukudla".
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izingxenye ezinkulu ze-elekthronikhi zaseShayina ezifana nama-semiconductor namaphaneli okubonisa zikhuphukile ngomthamo omusha wokukhiqiza, futhi kunesidingo esikhulu sokufakwa esikhundleni kwezinto zamakhemikhali ze-elekthronikhi kwamanye amazwe. Isikhundla samagesi kagesi embonini ye-semiconductor siye sagqama kakhulu. Imboni yegesi kagesi yasekhaya izoletha ukukhula okusheshayo.
Igesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi inezidingo eziphezulu kakhulu zokuhlanzeka, ngoba uma ukuhlanzeka kungafiki ezidingweni, amaqembu okungcola afana nomhwamuko wamanzi nomoya-mpilo kugesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi azokwakha kalula ifilimu ye-oxide ebusweni be-semiconductor, okuthinta impilo yesevisi yamadivayisi kagesi, futhi igesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi iqukethe. Izinhlayiya zokungcola zingabangela amasekethe amafushane e-semiconductor kanye nomonakalo wesekethe. Kungashiwo ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlanzeka kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvuneni nasekusebenzeni kokukhiqizwa kwamadivayisi kagesi.
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwemboni ye-semiconductor, inqubo yokukhiqiza ama-chip iyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka, futhi manje isifinyelele ku-5nm, esezofika emkhawulweni we-Moore's Law, olingana nengxenye eyodwa kwezingamashumi amabili yobubanzi bezinwele zomuntu (cishe u-0.1 mm). Ngakho-ke, lokhu kubeka phambili izidingo eziphakeme ngobumsulwa begesi ekhethekile kagesi ekhiqizwa ama-semiconductor.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 15-2021
